ࡱ> pRoot Entry FVData ?B1TableJjWordDocumento8  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345679:;<=>W@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijknuvwxyz{|}~ Default Paragraph Font>@>  Footnote Text ^ `D&@D Footnote ReferenceCJH*OJQJ:B@: Body Texth1$7$8$H$5n"n Highlight numberdh1$7$8$H$(B*CJEHOJPJQJmH phsH ubO2b Style1$hdh1$7$8$H$^h` B*OJPJQJmH ph# sH u4OB4 Style2>x^`>LC@RL Body Text Indenthx^h`LobLDefault1$7$8$H$B*CJOJPJQJmH ph\R`r\Body Text Indent 2x^CJOJPJQJmH nH8    8 zzzzzzzz z z I %0*48wW MeBK`x* F]d9Gf            ! " # $ & ) - . / 0 2 3 4 5 : > ? @ A C E F G J L Q U V W Y [ \ ] _ b f g h i j l m o r v w x y z | } ~  l%Xh-vGX_`rTv4?CLPL^ Y!""g$%%&&#''(F**+/,,--/o0012w3(434444o55556i66666`78!I!I!N!N!N!N!N!|!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!|!e!e!e!e!e!N!e!e!e!e!N!e!e!PS!e!PS!e!e!e-eXeD"0e0e0e0e0e0eD"(ee0e0ee0e0e0e0e0e0eD"ee0e0e0e0e0e0eD"ee0e0en ending. So the subordinate Act is the No.1 Act and the main Act is the No.2 Act. The table below shows this in more detail. Year ending 31 March200520062007200820092010AA12006 Mar""2Jul"CFADec""AA12007 Mar""2Jul"CFADec""AA12008Mar""2Jul"3Oct"CFADec"" Original text 4. Appropriation of amounts and sums voted for supply services and limits on appropriations in aid (1) All the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned in Schedule 1 to this Act, for the service of the year that ended with 31st March 2007 and of the year ending with 31st March 2008, totalling, as is shown in the said Schedule, 22,441,622,000 in amounts of resources authorised for use and 15,099,258,000 in sums authorised for issue from the Consolidated Fund, are appropriated, and shall be deemed to have been appropriated as from the date of the passing of the Acts mentioned in the said Schedule 1, for the services and purposes specified in Schedule 2 to this Act. 170 syllables in 106 words in 1 sentence Flesch readability score: on scale from 0 (very difficult) to 100 (very easy): -20 Parsing All the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned in Schedule 1 to this Act, for the service of the year that ended with 31st March 2007 and of the year ending with 31st March 2008, totalling, as is shown in the said Schedule, 22,441,622,000 in amounts of resources authorised for use and 15,099,258,000 in sums authorised for issue from the Consolidated Fund, are appropriated, and shall be deemed to have been appropriated as from the date of the passing of the Acts mentioned in the said Schedule 1, for the services and purposes specified in Schedule 2 to this Act. Annotated text 4. Appropriation of amounts and sums1 voted 2 for supply services 3 and 4 limits on appropriations in aid 5 (1) 6 All 7 the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned in Schedule 8,9 1 to this Act 10,11 for the service 12 of the year that ended with 13 31st 14 March 2007 and of the year ending with 31st March 2008 15, totalling,16 as is shown in the said 17 Schedule,18 22,441,622,000 19,20 in amounts of resources 21 authorised for use and 15,099,258,000 in sums authorised 22 for issue from the Consolidated Fund,23 are appropriated 24, and shall 25 be deemed to have been appropriated as from 26 the date of the passing of the Acts 27,28 mentioned in the said Schedule 1,29 for the services and purposes30 specified in Schedule 2 to this Act. Drafting problems 1. Doubling. What, if anything, is the difference between amounts and sums? There is a difference  in this context only, as far as I know - but I suspect it is known only to the Appropriation Act cognoscenti. It arises under the new accounting system introduced in 2000: sum is used for cash (that is, money in and out) and amount for resources (that is, cash with certain accounting adjustments [eg, depreciation, and payments allocated to one year but paid in another]). This leaves the question: Is the distinction useful in this context? If so, could it be more clearly expressed? Who is the audience? If not, is there a single word that covers both meanings? As amounts and sums are treated in the same way I have assumed that the distinction isnt useful and have provisionally used money in my draft revision to cover both meanings. 2. Doubling? Is voting different from appropriating? Again, theres a coded difference, though its not used consistently. Stephen Laws says that, traditionally, appropriate has been used for the allocation of funds to particular heads of expenditure, whereas vote has been used for the allocation of funds to a particular department. But he adds that vote is also used to describe the allocation of the total (unapportioned) amount. Voted here means already voted [in previous Acts] and voted here. It seems to me that this is an unnecessary complication, and that voted can be omitted. 3. Heading does not match text. Supply services are not mentioned in the text. Supply seems to be used in its common sense of provision and the parliamentary process of which the Appropriation Acts form part is known as the supply procedure. On the assumption that the single word services is sufficient in the text, I have used only that in my draft revised heading. 4. Miscuing. The range of and is not immediately clear, and it is necessary to read on and think back to decide that the heading is not Appropriation of amounts and sums voted for services and limits but Appropriation of amounts and sums voted for supply services and Limits on appropriations in aid. To avoid this reader stumble in my draft revision I have put a comma after services. 5. Matching heading to text. Appropriations in aid are routine income received by government departments and held back to pay expenses instead of being paid into the Consolidated Fund. Those amounts are extra, not included in the main appropriations. They are dealt with in s.4(2), so are appropriate in the heading to s.4. 6. Overlong sentence. There are 106 words in this sentence, with only commas to break it up. 7. Wordiness. All is redundant. 8. Overuse of capital letters. Schedule is a common noun, so the capital is unnecessary (though this is not a major point). (Act is a special case.) 9. Wordiness. This is a standard clause which allows for more than one Act in the schedule, but while there is only one it would be easier to name the Consolidated Fund Act 2007 in the text than refer to it as the other Act mentioned in the Schedule. Alternatively, as this Act is also listed in the schedule, authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned in Schedule 1 might be reduced to authorised by the Acts listed in schedule 1. 10. Stating the obvious. To this Act is unnecessary. (See UK OPC recommendations and policies on legislative drafting matters in CALC newsletter 2.09, p.43) 11. Poor punctuation. At first I thought this comma was a mistake, wrongly separating the subject of the sentence from its verb. To make sense of it, I had to break off from reading and jump ahead. Was it signalling a pause, closing the parenthesis which should have begun with and the other Act, opening a new parenthesis (and if so, where did that end), or what? The problem arises from stuffing too many clauses into one sentence. 12. Obscure vocabulary. This use of service in the singular is unusual, and contrasts with the use of services in the clause heading and in the penultimate line. of the subclause. Confusingly, in supply parlance, the service for the year is the total of the individual services. 13. Prepositions signalling wordiness. Ended with = Ending. 14. Wordiness. 31 March is now common, and perhaps neater (and recommended by UK OPC). 15. Repetition. Of the year that ended with 31st March 2007 and of the year ending with 31st March 2008 = of the years ending 31 March 2007 and 31 March 2008. 16. Over-punctuation. Again, too many clauses call for too many commas and make the sentence difficult to parse. 17. Wordiness. Said is otiose. As is shown in the Schedule is also unnecessary but it may be useful. 18. Embedding. The comparatively unimportant aside as is shown in the said Schedule unnecessarily separates the verb totalling from its complement (22bn). And this is an embedded clause within an embedded clause, separating the subject and its necessary but over-long complement from the verb: All the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned in Schedule 1 to this Act, for the service of the year that ended with 31st March 2007 and of the year ending with 31st March 2008, totalling, as is shown in the said Schedule, 22,441,622,000 in amounts of resources authorised for use and 15,099,258,000 in sums authorised for issue from the Consolidated Fund,are appropriated. 19. Unnecessary detail. If the figures are shown in the schedule, is it necessary to repeat them here? 20. I wouldnt recommend writing the amount in words, but this figure is difficult to read, and the problem will be worse when inflation takes us into trillions. 22.441622 billion might be a useful compromise, perhaps (if the convention came to be be accepted) using comma separators after the decimal point: 22.441,622 billion. 21. Doubling. Does amounts of add anything to resources? 22. Repetition. Authorised is used 3 times in this sentence before we even get to the main verb. 23. Over-punctuation. The shower of commas makes it difficult to see which pairs belong together to signal parenthesis, and which have other functions. I think that the one after Consolidated Fund should not be there. It doesnt seem to be part of a pair, and it separates the subject from its verb, giving, in effect: The sums, are appropriated. 24. Passive verbs and archaic language. The traditional use in this context of the passive usually triggers the stilted (and by lawyers, overused) hereby to make clear that the appropriation comes from this (performative) statement, and that the drafter is not referring to some pre-existing appropriation. Conversion to the active voice (This Act appropriates) avoids this, and usefully promotes the main verb to word 3 of the sentence. 25. Archaic language. Shall is ambiguous (at least between the future and the imperative). And as this is declaratory even the traditional legislative shall to indicate obligation is inappropriate here. 26. Wordiness. As from can always be replaced by a single preposition. On would surely do in this case. 27. Wordiness and repetition. A surfeit of ofs signals wordiness. The date of the passing of the Acts = The date the Acts were passed. Or perhaps, as appropriation is momentary rather than continuous: As from the date of the passing of the Acts = when the Acts were passed. 28. Overstuffing. Strictly speaking, there is no single date of the passing of the Acts. Presumably this means that the amount authorised by each Act is to be appropriated from the date of that Act, but it doesnt say so. 29. Embedding. The 24-word subordinate clause and shall be deemed in the said Schedule 1 would be better moved to the end to avoid breaking up the main flow of the sentence. 30. Doubling. What is the difference between services and purposes? They are bundled together in column 1 of schedule 2 and it seems to me that purposes would cover both words. Revision 4. Appropriation of money for services, and limits on appropriations in aid Version 1 This Act appropriates the money authorised by the Acts listed in schedule 1 for the purposes* listed in schedule 2. The appropriation of the money authorised by the Consolidated Fund Act 2007 is backdated to the date of that Act. 65 syllables in 40 words in 2 sentences Flesch score: 49.06 (difficult) Version 2 For the purposes* listed in schedule 2, this Act appropriates the money authorised by: (a) the Consolidated Fund Act 2007, with effect** from the date of that Act; and (b) this Act, with immediate effect.** 52 syllables in 33 words in 3 sentences Flesch score: 62.36 (plain English) Note to both versions * I have not added and periods, since schedule 2 gives as the purposes the use during the specified years. ** Someone suggested after the presentation that this may be ambiguous (if only technically so), in that it could be the authorisation, rather than the appropriation, which takes effect on those dates. If so, it can be cured, though inelegantly, by replacing with with the appropriation taking. 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GriffyPreferred Customer Tom ShivelyRetail WorkbenchRETAIL WORKBENCH - SCUKirthi KalyanamUniversity Development OfficeDevelopment OfficeUT Development OfficeJada Cordonnier Saran JaneThe University of TexasThe Charles A. Dana Center Karen EiknerCharles A. Dana Center..Authorized UserCAREHalley A. MerrelllkellyDwight SweeneyDwight P. Sweeney David MolinaTSS Connie Stout!The University of Texas at AustinDr. Robert B. JacksonBrenda B. CasperHeroldM. J. Waterway Adrian KleinUniversity of TexasStudent AffairsDevelopment Library peter ward Peter WardSociology DepartmentDr. Creed W. AbellAnneliese Geis Pablo A. MeraBARBARA HANKINSElizabeth Aston D MartinezCarrie Brooker Diana HansenNPollockThomson ClientChris Sanchirico Tom ClaresonRichard Leiter West Group AdministratorCICCharles SilverjliebertRoger K. 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" # $ % & ( ) - . / 0 2 3 4 5 9 : > ? @ A C E F G J L Q U V W Y [ \ ] ^ _ a b f g h i j l m n o q r v w x y z | } ~  l%Xh-vGHX_`rTv4?CLPL^ Y!""g$%%&&#''(F**+/,,--/o0012w3(4)434444o55556i66666`788000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 00000000000000000T0T0T00l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l005405404040404054050505050505406060C(B/9N(569:<jrp$1<~N)+,-./12347;=@H&?*08Unknown Mark AdlerRVAUGHANkurzonRKITThe Law Society StyleWriter David BoxallKennedyWilliam BennettLawrieDavid Daniel MorrisAllan StrattonComputer Information CenterLourenda Ann BlockVirginia Law Review Universitlawuser Brett ButlerBeLinda MathieAdrian VermeuleThompson Conference Center Leeta MurphyLBJ School of Public AffairsMicrosoft Office 4.2Denton County, Texas Cheryl McVay Dall ForsytheInformation Technology John SlatinOffice of Graduate Studies Neil FoleyFCIThomas A. GriffyPreferred Customer Tom ShivelyRetail WorkbenchRETAIL WORKBENCH - SCUKirthi KalyanamUniversity Development OfficeDevelopment OfficeUT Development OfficeJada Cordonnier Saran JaneThe University of TexasThe Charles A. Dana Center Karen EiknerCharles A. Dana Center..Authorized UserCAREHalley A. MerrelllkellyDwight SweeneyDwight P. Sweeney David MolinaTSS Connie Stout!The University of Texas at AustinDr. Robert B. JacksonBrenda B. CasperHeroldM. J. Waterway Adrian KleinUniversity of TexasStudent AffairsDevelopment Library peter ward Peter WardSociology DepartmentDr. Creed W. AbellAnneliese Geis Pablo A. MeraBARBARA HANKINSElizabeth Aston D MartinezCarrie Brooker Diana HansenNPollockThomson ClientChris Sanchirico Tom ClaresonRichard Leiter West Group AdministratorCICCharles SilverjliebertRoger K. NewmanNSteen Judy KilianTF902CLM ENGELMichle AspreyPCUSERUser Vanessa MUIRA920FVjohn beeDon Neil J A G Woodrow Lee EdwardsHelen and TonyBarbara Becky WilsonJudith Jane EdgarMr BenStuart John Freeman FrankGloverH D Raohdrmg6366 Sarah FoulkesMaryHBen Afia CleardocsFrancis Neil McDonaldpeterbFreshta Modjib Bhler AlinaskollJulie A. ClementCarr Andrea Reilly Dr.CHANDRATREPINSOLLEjv1lonKelly Cooke Brock Eagleson Peter ButtMartin Cutts PLCUtentetest Martin CuttsChristopher BalmfordKsimondsJunoBChristine MowatFaculty of LawdaveyjANNETTA G6I666k7k7u778 8(888 %(X[hjvy[m)46>?BCILO!! % %%%y(|(3*7*a+f+--~00@1C166m6q6&7+7k7k7u7788::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerQMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Autorecovery:AutoRecovery save of CALC 09 co Mark AdlerMacintosh HD:Users:markadler:Desktop:Plain language:Organisations:CALC:Conferences:CALC Hong Kong 2009:Presentations:Mine:CALC 09 conference presentation           ! " # $ % & ( ) - . / 0 2 3 4 5 9 : > ? @ A C E F G J L Q U V W Y [ \ ] ^ _ a b f g h i j l m n o q r v w x y z | } ~ 8@  4y k$-UDVDWDXDYD<UDVDWDXDYD$UDVDWDXDYDa$*$UDVDWDXDYD^a$9Fx6b'deABGJK^_`kw )*F]9 + 8888` @` @a$|``|ab|a @ah|`|a|a|a|a|`|a @`|` @a~}a}`}a}a}`}a}a}`}a~`~ar~`~a~a~a~`~a~a~a~a~a~`~a~a```a @`@`@`R@ `@`8@`t@ `@`a aa&``(@`&@`$@`&@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial5Optima=.e0}fԚTimes3TimesyMBookAntiquaParliamentaryTimes New RomanE MArialMTOptima 1h{ff - am% O4dE8+J3qHKAll the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned Mark Adler Mark Adler s structure Background: How the Appropriation Acts work The text of subsection 4(1) 4 The text parsed & 5 & annotated & 6 & and revised 10 The of subsection 4(1) ~~~ N x  8x^8  <^ " 0/ =!"#$%0@ P?jbjb&&$DD8l ****4*tK`:`:`:`:`:`:`:`:(H*H*H*H*H*H*H,N 9PVH`:`:`:`:`:VH<`:`:N+<<<`:p`:`:(H<h`hh|h`:(H<<dDdD2+^*:dDdDKKdD!Q<!QdD<Legalese and Plain Language Mark Adlers presentation to the CALC conference Hong Kong, 1 April 2009 I am grateful to Stephen Laws, Office of Parliamentary Counsels specialist on the Appropriation Acts, for his patient explanations and advice. The sessions purpose This workshop will consider how we might convert the legalese of s.4(1) of the UKs Appropriation Act 2008 into plainer language. I chose this subsection because: it was not drafted by parliamentary counsel (so shouldnt embarrass anyone here); it was based on an old precedent which was not reconsidered when further complexity was stuck on (and is a good example of the danger of this technique) it is reenacted every year with only the figures changing (so its topical and worth improving); and it has plenty of scope for improvement. The sessions stucture When the session begins you will have a few minutes to read the subsection and skim the cross-references. Ill ask you to note what you see as drafting faults. We will then discuss your criticisms and consider how the text could be improved in the light of them. The text will be projected onto a large screen, and I will feed in the improvements as we go. I hope that the session will end with a clearer and more economic revision, as precise as the original if not more so. I have already made my own notes and have prepared two alternative redrafts. These will be available afterwards in electronic form for anyone who wants them. Background: how the Appropriation Acts work The (usually biannual) Appropriation Acts record parliamentary approval of the governments spending estimates and release the approved amounts from public funds. The annual Consolidated Funds Acts are almost identically worded. They authorise the use of resources and apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund while the Appropriation Acts authorise the use of resources and apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund and appropriate the supply authorised in this Session of Parliament . The appropriation, which is all that distinguishes the two types of Act, is the allocation of funds to particular heads of expenditure. The Consolidated Funds Acts just give the total amount issued for that year. The numbering system is also slightly confusing. The first Appropriation Act (AA) of the financial year (approving the main estimates for the year which began that April) is passed in July and is the second AA of the parliamentary and calendar years, the March Act having updated the estimates for the financial year the&3'.(()<+U,,,--]./1123e344x6D7789L:::;T;^;;D<l<<<<>=e====5>???-(,(j(((((((()))')j)))**>+S+`+h+++,,K,S,Y,{,|,,,,,,,,,,,--P-R-n-o------. ..3.a.k.......//"/1/B/ɾɵB*OJQJph5B*OJQJphOJQJB*OJQJph OJQJmH  6OJQJ6OJQJmH B*OJQJph6B*OJQJphEB/I/N/i/t/~/////T0U0`00 111312222233333i3{34*44444S5Y5w6x6|666677H7R7S7Z777777778838v88888889999Ǽ6B*OJQJph5B*OJQJphB*OJQJph 6OJQJB*OJQJphB*OJQJphB*OJQJphOJQJB* OJQJphF1123e344x6D7789L:::;T;^;;D<l<<<$&dhh^&`a$$&^&`a$x$x h^h`h^99N:X:Y:Z:y:::::::::;D<<<e=====8?=?B?Y?v?z????~}} LN56CJOJQJ 6OJQJ6CJOJPJQJmH OJQJ CJOJQJ6B*H*OJQJph6B*OJQJphB*OJQJphB*OJQJph6B*OJQJph%<<>=e====5>???b|||$}}}}~r~~ 8<^8  <^ $xa$$<a$$&dhh^&`a$$&^&`a$x" 0/ =!"#$%0I am grateful to Stephen Laws, UK alist on the Appropriation Acts (but not the Acts drafter), patient explanations and advice, without which I could not have prepared this.Contents Pre-session handout: The session s purpose 2 The session           ! " # $ % & ( ) - . / 0 2 3 4 5 9 : > ? @ A C E F G J L Q U V W Y [ \ ] ^ _ a b f g h i j l m n o q r v w x y z | } ~ 8@|''$a$UDVDWDXDYD<UDVDWDXDYD$UDVDWDXDYDa$*$UDVDWDXDYD^a$9Fx6b'deABGJK^_`kw )*F]9 + 88881 @06 @08 @0 @1$|0`|1b|1 @1h|0|1|1|1|1|0|1 @0|0 @1~}1}0}1}1}0}1}1}0}1~0~1r~0~1~1~1~0~1~1~1~1~1~0~1~10001 @0@ 0@0R@ 0@08@0t@ 0@01 11&00(@0&@0$@0&@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial5Optima=.e0}fԚTimes3TimesyMBookAntiquaParliamentaryTimes New RomanE MArialMTOptima 1h{ff - am% O!4dE8+3qHKAll the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned Mark Adler Mark Adler                 ! " # $ & ( ) * - / 4 8 9 : < > ? @ A B D E I J K L M O P Q R T U Y Z [ \ ] _ ` a e f j k l m n p r s 7@4yk$-( 7` @``(@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial5Optima=.e0}fԚTimes3TimesyMBookAntiquaParliamentaryTimes New RomanE MArialMTOptima 1h{f{f - am% O!0dE8+3qHKAll the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned Mark Adler Mark Adler iJ@J Normal)B*CJOJQJ_HmH nHph)$%sH tHV@V Heading 1$dh@&#5B*OJPJQJmH ph# sH u4@4 Heading 2 $x@&6<A@< FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8 ՜.+,0@ hp  'Adler & AdleraE8 LAll the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned Title Oh+'0  4@ \ h t'LAll the amounts and sums authorised by this Act and the other Act mentioned Mark AdlerNormal Mark Adler4Microsoft Word 10.1@`4<@C@F  -@ R?jbjb&&&DD8loCoCoCoC4Ct-eESESESESESESESESaaaaaaa,g iaESESESESESaiUESES3DiUiUiUESpESESaiUh[hhwhESaiUjiU]]Dg^-oCS]]ee]jiUj]iULegalese and Plain Language Mark Adlers presentation to the CALC conference Hong Kong, 1 April 2009 I am grateful to Stephen Laws, Office of Parliamentary Counsels specialist on the Appropriation Acts, for his patient explanations and advice. The sessions purpose This workshop will consider how we might convert the legalese of s.4(1) of the UKs Appropriation Act 2008 into plainer language. I chose this subsection because: it was not drafted by parliamentary counsel (so shouldnt embarrass anyone here); it was based on an old precedent which was not reconsidered when further complexity was stuck on (and is a good example of the danger of this technique) it is reenacted every year with only the figures changing (so its topical and worth improving); and it has plenty of scope for improvement. The sessions stucture When the session begins you will have a few minutes to read the subsection and skim the cross-references. Ill ask you to note what you see as drafting faults. We will then discuss your criticisms and consider how the text could be improved in the light of them. The text will be projected onto a large screen, and I will feed in the improvements as we go. I hope that the session will end with a clearer and more economic revision, as precise as the original if not more so. I have already made my own notes and have prepared two alternative redrafts. These will be available afterwards in electronic form for anyone who wants them. Background: how the Appropriation Acts work The (usually biannual) Appropriation Acts record parliamentary approval of the governments spending estimates and release the approved amounts from public funds. The annual Consolidated Funds Acts are almost identically worded. They authorise the use of resources and apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund while the Appropriation Acts authorise the use of resources and apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund and appropriate the supply authorised in this Session of Parliament . The appropriation, which is all that distinguishes the two types of Act, is the allocation of funds to particular heads of expenditure. The Consolidated Funds Acts just give the total amount issued for that year. The numbering system is also slightly confusing. The first Appropriation Act (AA) of the financial year (approving the main estimates for the year which began that April) is passed in July and is the second AA of the parliamentary and calendar years, the March Act having updated the estimates for the financial year the&3'.(()<+U,,,--]./1123e344x6D7789L:::;T;^;;D<l<<<<>=e====5>???-(,(j(((((((()))')j)))**>+S+`+h+++,,K,S,Y,{,|,,,,,,,,,,,--P-R-n-o------. ..3.a.k.......//"/1/B/ɾɵB*OJQJph5B*OJQJphOJQJB*OJQJph OJQJmH  6OJQJ6OJQJmH B*OJQJph6B*OJQJphEB/I/N/i/t/~/////T0U0`00 111312222233333i3{34*44444S5Y5w6x6|666677H7R7S7Z777777778838v88888889999Ǽ6B*OJQJph5B*OJQJphB*OJQJph 6OJQJB*OJQJphB*OJQJphB*OJQJphOJQJB* OJQJphF1123e344x6D7789L:::;T;^;;D<l<<<$&dhh^&`a$$&^&`a$x$x h^h`h^99N:X:Y:Z:y:::::::::;D<<<e=====8?=?B?Y?v?z????~}} LN&56CJOJQJ 6OJQJ6CJOJPJQJmH OJQJ CJOJQJ6B*H*OJQJph6B*OJQJphB*OJQJphB*OJQJph6B*OJQJph&<<>=e====5>???b|||$}}}}~r~~ 8<^8  <^ $xa$$<a$$&dhh^&`a$$&^&`a$x" 0/ =!"#$%0I am grateful to Stephen Laws, UK alist on the Appropriation Acts (but not the Acts drafter), patient explanations and advice, without which I could not have prepared this.Contents Pre-session handout: The session s purpose 2 The session s structure Background: How the Appropriation Acts work The text of subsection 4(1) 4 The text parsed & 5 & annotated & 6 & and revised 10 The of subsection 4(1) ~~~ N& x  8x^8  <^ " 0/ =!"#$%0